SHANTOU (SWATOW)

汕頭

汕頭 saan tou: Shantou prefecture level city in Guangdong.
經濟特區 ging jai dak keui: special economic zone
濟 jai: to help, aid, relieve; to ferry, cross
之一 ji yat: one of (sth) / one out of a multitude / one (third, quarter, percent etc).
接 jip: receive; continue; catch; connect.
饒平縣 yiu peng yuen: Raoping county in Chaozhou 潮州, Guangdong.
饒 yiu: bountiful, abundant, plentiful.
潮安縣 chiu ngon yuen: Chao'an county in Chaozhou 潮州, Guangdong.
揭陽市 kit yeung si: Jieyang prefecture level city in Guangdong province.
普寧市 pou ning si: Puning county level city in Jieyang 揭陽, Guangdong.
惠來縣 wai loi yuen: Huilai county in Jieyang 揭陽, Guangdong.
瀕臨 ban lam: on the verge of / close to.
瀕 ban: approach, be on verge of; near.
臨 lam: draw near, approach; descend.
總 jung: collect; overall, altogether.
面積 min jik: area (of a floor, piece of land etc) / surface area / tract of land.
積 jik: accumulate, store up, amass.
平方公里 ping fong gung lei: square kilometer.
行政區 hang jing keui: administrative district.
澄海 ching hoi: Chenghai district of Shantou city 汕头市, Guangdong.
澄 ching, dang: purify water by allowing sediment to settle; clear, pure.
金平 gam peng: Jinping district of Shantou city 汕头市, Guangdong.
龍湖 lung wu: Longhu district of Shantou city 汕头市, Guangdong.
濠江 hou gong: Haojiang district of Shantou city 汕头市, Guangdong.
潮陽 chiu yeung: Chaoyang district of Shantou city 汕头市, Guangdong.
潮南 chiu naam: Chaonan district of Shantou city 汕头市, Guangdong.
南澳縣 naam ou yuen: Nan'ao county in Shantou 汕头, Guangdong.

汕頭市係中國經濟特區之一，位處喺廣東省東部，東北接潮州市饒平縣，北鄰潮州市潮安縣，西鄰揭陽市的揭東縣、普寧市，西南接惠來縣，東南瀕臨南海。汕頭市總面積2064平方公里，人口484.64萬人。汕頭嘅行政區包括​​澄海、金平、龍湖、濠江、潮陽、潮南六個區同埋南澳縣。


地理

地理 dei lei: geography.
境 ging: boundary, frontier; area, region.
處於 chyu yiu: to be in (some state, position, or condition).
東經 dung ging: longitude east.
北緯 baak wai: latitude north.
緯 wai: woof; parallels of latitude.
之間 ji gaan: between / among / inter-.
迴 wui: revolve, rotate; curving, zigzag.
歸 gwai: return; return to, revert to.
線 sin: thread, line, wire; clue.
穿過 chuen gwo: to pass through
穿 chuen, chyun: penetrate, pierce, drill; wear.
過 gwo: pass, pass through, go across.
市區 si keui: urban district / downtown / city center.
平原 ping yuen: field / plain.
原 yuen, yiun: source, origin, beginning.
丘陵 yau ling: hills.
丘 yau: hill; elder; empty; a name.
陵 ling: hill, mound; mausoleum.
桑 song: mulberry tree.
浦 pou: river bank / shore / river drainage ditch (old).
長得 cheung dak: to look (pretty, the same etc).
坑 hang: pit, hole; bury, trap; harry; to defraud.
香爐 heung lou: a censer (for burning incense) / incense burner / thurible.
爐 lou: fireplace, stove, oven, furnace.
榕江 yung gong: Rongjiang county in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong autonomous prefecture 黔東南州｜黔东南州, Guizhou.
紅蓮 hung lin: red lotus.
池 chi: pool, pond; moat; cistern.
鮑 baau: abalone; dried fish; surname.
齊河 jai ho: Qihe county in Dezhou 德州, Shandong.
橫貫 waang gun: horizontal traverse / to cut across / to cross transversally.
橫 waang: across, horizontal, lateral.
貫 gun: a string of 1000 coins; to go through.
嶼 yiu, yu: island.
島嶼 dou yiu: island.
氣候 hei hau: climate / atmosphere / situation .
氣 hei: air, gas, steam, vapor; spirit.
候 hau: wait; expect; visit; greet.
喺 hai: to be located at ; to be at, in or on (Cantonese) / Mandarin equivalent: 在.
亞熱帶 ngaa yit daai: subtropical (zone or climate).
熱 yit: hot; heat; fever; restless; zeal.
海洋性 hoi yeung sing: maritime.
洋 yeung: ocean, sea; foreign; western.
氣候溫和 hei hau wan wo: moderate climate.
颱風 toi fung: hurricane / typhoon.
年均 nin gwan: annual average (rate).
均 gwan, kwan: equal, even, fair; all, also.
降水量 gong seui leung: precipitation (meteorology) / measured quantity of rain.
降 gong: descend, fall, drop; lower, down.
毫米 hou mai: millimeter. 溫 wan: lukewarm, warm; tepid, mild.

汕頭市全境處於東經116°14′40″至117°19′35″同埋北緯23°02′33″至23°38′50″之間，北迴歸線穿過市區北域。汕頭市位處喺潮汕嘅平原，得西北部有小片丘陵。主要嘅山有桑浦山、長得龍山、龍坑山、香爐山，榕江及紅蓮池河、鮑齊河嘅橫貫市區，榕江口有媽嶼島、德州嶼島嶼。氣候喺南亞熱帶海洋性嘅氣候，全年氣候溫和。秋天有颱風，年均降水量2420毫米。年溫21.3℃，1月13.1℃，7月28.3℃。


歷史

考古 haau gu: archaeology.
考 haau: examine, test; investigate.
證明 jing ming: proof / certificate / identification / testimonial / CL: 個｜个 / to prove / to testify / to confirm the truth of.
證 ching: proof, evidence; testify, verify.
嗰 go: (Cant.) that.
漁村 yiu chuen: fishing village.
宋朝 sung chiu: Song Dynasty (960-1279) / also Song of Southern dynasties 南朝宋 (420-479).
元代 yuen doi: the Yuan or Mongol dynasty (1279-1368).
嘉 gaa: excellent; joyful; auspicious.
靖 jing: pacify; appease; calm, peaceful.
變成 bin seng: to change into / to turn into / to become.
一部分 yat bou fan: portion / part of / subset.
明 ming: Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) / surname Ming / Ming (c. 2000 BC), fourth of the legendary Flame Emperors, 炎帝 descended from Shennong 神農｜神农 Farmer God.
神 san: spirit, god, supernatural being.
宗 jung: lineage, ancestry; ancestor, clan; school / sect / purpose / model / ancestor / clan / to take as one's model (in academic or artistic work) / classifier for batches, items, cases (medical or legal), reservoirs.
萬曆 maan lik: reign name of Ming emperor (1573-1619).
曆 lik: calendar, era.
坪 ping: level ground; Japanese measure; a plain.
康熙 hong hei: Kangxi or K'ang Hsi, second Qing Emperor (1661-1722).
康 hong: peaceful, quiet; happy, healthy.
熙 hei: bright, splendid, glorious.
清政府 cheng jing fu: Qing government (1644-1911).
築 juk: build, erect; building; to ram, to hit.
炮 baau, paau: 1) to sauté / to fry / to dry by heating; 2) large gun, cannon; artillery; 3) to prepare herbal medicine by roasting or parching (in a pan).
臺 toi: platform / stage / terrace / stand / support / desk / station / broadcasting station / classifier for vehicles or machines; tower, lookout; stage.
改稱 goi ching: to change a name / to rename.
雍正 yung jing: Yongzheng, reign name of Qing emperor (1722-1735).
雍 yung: harmony, union; harmonious.
乾隆 kin lung: Qianlong or Ch'ien-lung, emperor of the Qing dynasty, reigned sixty years (1735-1796). 乾 kin, gon: dry; first hexagram; warming principle of the sun, penetrating and fertilizing, heavenly generative principle (male).
隆 lung: prosperous, plentiful, abundant.
期間 gei gaan: period of time / time / time period / period.
逐漸 juk jim: gradually.
逐 juk: chase, expel; one by one.
漸 jim: gradually. 設立 chit laap: to set up / to establish.
設 chit: build; establish; display; particle of hypothesis, supposing.
近代 gan doi: modern times.
對外 deui ngoi: external / foreign / pertaining to external or foreign (affairs).
港口城市 gong hau seng si: port city.
世紀 sai gei: century.
年代 nin doi: a decade of a century (e.g. the Sixties) / age / era / period.
吞吐 tan tou: to take in and send out (in large quantities).
吞 tan: swallow; absorb, annex, engulf. 吐 tou: vomit, spew out, cough up.
曾 chang, jang: once / already / ever (in the past) / former / previously / (past tense marker used before verb or clause).
居 geui: live, dwell, reside, sit; to reside / to be (in a certain position) / to store up / to be at a standstill / residence / house / restaurant / classifier for bedrooms ; (archaic) sentence-final particle expressing a doubting attitude.
盛 sing: to hold / to contain / to ladle / to pick up with a utensil; abundant, flourishing; contain; fill; vigorous / magnificent / extensively. 位 wai: position / location / place / seat / classifier for people (honorific) / classifier for binary bits (e.g. 十六位 16-bit or 2 bytes); throne; position, post; rank, status; seat.
閩 man: short name for Fujian province 福建.
贛 gam: abbr. for Jiangxi 江西 province.
商品 seung ban: good / commodity / merchandise.
集散地 jaap saan dei: distribution center.
集 jaap: assemble, collect together.
散 saan: scatter, disperse, break.
鴉片戰爭 ngaa pin chin jaang: the Opium Wars of 1840-1842 and 1860-1861. 由於 yau yiu: due to / as a result of / thanks to / owing to / since / because.
民眾 man jung: populace / masses / the people.
強烈 keung lit: intense / (violently) strong.
反抗 faan kong: to resist / to rebel.
害 hoi: injure, harm; destroy, kill.
放棄 fong hei: to renounce / to abandon / to give up.
放 fong: put, release, free, liberate.
棄 hei: reject, abandon, discard.
改變 goi bin: to change / to alter / to transform.
選擇 suen jaak: to select / to pick / choice / option / alternative.
選 suen, syun: choose, select; elect; election.
擇 jaak: select, choose, pick out.
進行 juen hang: to advance / to conduct / underway / in progress / to do / to carry out / to carry on / to execute.
咸豐 haam fung: reign name of Qing emperor (1850-1861) / Xianfeng county in Enshi Tujia and Miao autonomous prefecture 恩施土家族苗族自治州, Hubei.
咸 haam: together; all, completely; united.
豐 fung: abundant, lush, bountiful, plenty.
列強 lit keung: the Great Powers (history).
正式 jeng sik: formal / official.
開市 hoi si: to open a store for business.
優越 yau yuet: superior / superiority.
優 yau: superior, excellent; actor.
越 yuet: exceed, go beyond; the more.
地理位置 dei lei wai ji: geographical location.
位置 wai ji: location, locus.
置 ji: place, lay out; set aside
相對 seung deui: relatively / opposite / to resist / to oppose / relative / vis-a-vis / counterpart.
環境 waan ging: environment / circumstances / surroundings / CL: 個｜个 / ambient
環 waan: jade ring or bracelet; ring.
境 ging: boundary, frontier; area, region.
慢慢 maan maan: slowly.
超越 chiu yuet: to surpass / to exceed / to transcend.
城區 seng keui: city district / urban area. 經濟 ging jai: economy / economic.
市政廳 si jing teng: city hall.
分治 fan chi: separate government / partition.
治 ji, chi: govern, regulate, administer.
屬 suk, juk: to join together / to fix one's attention on / to concentrate on; class, category, type; to belong to; category / genus (taxonomy) / family members / dependents / to belong to / subordinate to / affiliated with / be born in the year of (one of the 12 animals) / to be / to prove to be / to constitute.
專區 jyun keui: special district / prefecture.
專 jyun, juen: monopolize, take sole possession.
轉移 jyun yi: to shift / to divert or distract (attention etc) / to change / to transform / metastasis (medicine).
轉 jyun, juen: shift, move, turn.
重新 chung san: again / once more / re-.
重 chung, jung: heavy, weighty; double.
調整 tiu jing: to adjust / adjustment / revision.
調 diu, tiu: transfer, move, change; tune. 整 jing: orderly, neat, tidy; whole.
行政區域 hang jing keui wik: administrative area.
分為 fan wai: to divide sth into (parts) / to subdivide.


考古證明，汕頭係一嗰漁村。喺宋朝時，汕頭係揭陽縣鴕江都嘅一個漁村。元代嘅時候，這到給叫為「廈嶺」。喺1563年（明世宗嘉靖四十二年），汕頭變成潮州府澄海縣嘅一部分。喺1574年（明神宗萬曆二年），汕頭被稱為「沙汕坪」。康熙五十六年，清政府喺度築炮臺，並改稱「沙汕頭」（沙汕頭炮臺），雍正、乾隆期間，逐漸被簡稱為「汕頭」。喺乾隆二十一年，清政府喺媽嶼島設立「常關」。
汕頭市喺1860年開埠，係近代中國最早對外開放嘅港口城市之一。喺20世紀到30年代，汕頭港口吞吐量曾居全國排第3位，商業之盛居全國第7位，係粵東、閩西南、贛東南嘅交通樞紐、進出港口同埋商品嘅集散地。
喺第二次鴉片戰爭後，由於潮州城區民眾嘅強烈反抗，害到外國人主動放棄喺潮州嘅城區貿易，改變選擇相對安全嘅汕頭進行貿易。咸豐十年，應西方列強要求，汕頭正式對外開市。汕頭至開始喺優越嘅地理位置同埋相對安全嘅環境，慢慢超越咗潮州城區，變成咗粵東嘅經濟中心。
汕頭係喺1921年成立市政廳，同澄海分治，但重係屬嘅潮循道管理。喺1958年，設立汕頭專區，潮汕地區嘅行政、文化中心向汕頭轉移。喺1981年，設立汕頭嘅經濟特區。喺1991年，重新調整行政區域，潮汕地區分為三個市，汕頭市就變咗其中一個市。


僑鄉

僑鄉 kiu heung: home town of overseas Chinese.
外地 ngoi dei: parts of the country other than where one is / foreign lands.

住喺外地嘅華人有335萬人，分佈喺世界40多嗰國家同埋地區。


文化

工夫茶 gung fu cha: very concentrated type of tea consumed in Chaozhou, Fujian and Taiwan / variant of 功夫茶.
享譽 heung yiu: to enjoy a reputation.
享 heung: enjoy.
譽 yiu: fame, reputation; praise.
海內外 hoi noi ngoi: domestic and international / at home and abroad.

汕頭嘅主要語言係潮州話。潮劇、潮樂、潮州菜同埋工夫茶等享譽海內外。


NOTE: Shantou (Swatow)